This seminar is part of a series of IHP seminar that study key development in modern global history through the lens of a particular world region. The seminar will have five parts. Part I, "Empires," studies how non-Europeans dealt with modern European imperial interventions; our cases will be the Ottoman international lawyers, Egyptian Muslim leaders, and postwar Iranian nationalists. Part II, "International Organizations," will focus on how power differences within key IOs was negotiated by non-Europeans. Our cases will be the Arab elites during the Mandate period and the decolonizational Moroccan elite. Part III, "Race," will look at underpinnings of European definitions of "the" Middle East and "the" Muslim World, and non-Europeans' involvement in building those terms; and at the changing self-definitions of Arab migrants to the United States. Part IV, "Resources" will explore nineteenth-century coal; twentieth-century oil; twentieth-century agriculture and water; and twentieth-century economic development. Last, Part V, "Violence," will study the Gulf as an example for the role of extraterritorial bases and off-shore platforms for global US force projection; and the role of Palestine as a long-standing lab for counterinsurgency that influence state militaries also beyond MENA.